This paper explores the main functions of memorials and how they influenced iconographical aspects of late medieval tomb design, specifically English brasses and incised slabs. 1400) in Braga Cathedral in northern Portugal, which has recently been the subject of detailed technical analysis. To demonstrate the splendour of such memorials and the techniques involved, a case study is provided of the virtually unknown, but internationally important monument of Prince Afonso (d. It shows how magnificent such monuments could be, how widespread this type of monument once was and how it was favoured within certain families and locations, but also how much we have lost. This preliminary materiality-based survey comprises 119 extant and lost examples throughout Europe in the 350-year period to 1430, starting with the monument to Rudolph of Swabia (d. However, many more have been destroyed, especially in France, and are known of only through antiquarian sources. Some survive, especially in England and Germany. Probably the most prestigious monuments produced in the Middle Ages were those constructed from (semi-)precious metals, sometimes enamelled or inlaid with real or fictive jewels.
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